The Theory Of Classical Conditioning - 1419 Words

Classical conditioning was first observed and developed by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov who lived from (1927-1960). The concept of classical conditioning is widely considered to be the most fundamental form of learning. Even before Ivan Pavlov named the process of conditioning, his work was considered ahead of his time (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). In fact, Pavlov was presented the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Nero Medicine for his research on the digestion system of dogs (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). To further his digestion research, Pavlov devised a procedure for surgical procedure implanting a tube, called a fistula, into animals that were still living. This allowed Pavlov to collect digestive secretions, and measure them, such as those secreted in the stomach or the mouth (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). This was a monumental first, because up until Pavlov s advancements, almost everything that was known about physiological processes was revealed from studies involving acute (temporary or sacr ificed animals) as opposed to operatic preparations (long-term and in living animals). Pavlov was always interested mainly in the understanding of reflexive occurrences when food was placed into the mouth and as it passed through the other parts of the digestive system, including the stomach (Feeser, 2002, p. 27). For example, Professor Pavlov or one of his many personal assistants would put meat into the mouth of a dog or dogs and then measure the amount of saliva that passed through a salivaryShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning929 Words   |  4 PagesDiscussion 5 1. Define: Classical Conditioning is learning theory based on the assumption that the learning process occurs due to associations between an environmental stimulus and a natural occurring stimulus, as indicated in our textbook. This learning theory was developed by John Watson. He proposed that this theory is able to explain human behavior. Watson also assumed that our environment shapes our personality as a whole. His ideas were influenced by the findings of Ivan Pavlov, a RussianRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1129 Words   |  5 PagesIn this assignment I will be looking at the Behaviourist perspective with Ivan Pavlov’s (1902) theory about classical conditioning. I will be discussing how I have used human development and learning perspectives in my placement to support young people in their personal and social development with providing a case study about them. I will be writing about how the theory demonstrates effective youth and community work practice including the five pillars of youth work. Behaviourists look at behaviourRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1360 Words   |  6 PagesIs it possible to rouse fear from a stimulus that at first caused no such response? Classical conditioning is a type of learning where a response is produced from combining a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response. Ivan Pavlov did a famous study, pairing the sound of a bell with food to produce salivation. After a while, just the sound alone would produce salivation. â€Å"Little Albert†, an infant that belonged to a wet nurse at the Harriet Lane HomeRead MoreTheory of Classical Conditioning1051 Words   |  4 PagesClassical Conditioning Introduction In psychology, there are number of theories and ideas which are used to influence the way someone reacts to particular events. In the case of classical conditioning, these ideas have been utilized to create short and long term transformations about how someone sees and reacts to the world around them. To fully understand how this is taking place requires examining these techniques and the way they are influencing behavior. This will be accomplished by studyingRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1202 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay the ways in which classical conditioning principals have been used to treat problem behaviours in humans will be discussed. Firstly the findings of Ivan Pavlov’s research experiment on classical conditioning will be explained. Then a number of his basic principals that include extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalisation and acquisition will be explored. Finally, the use of behavioural therapy in treating problem behaviours, specifically in relation to systematic desensitisationRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1070 Words   |  5 Pages(1929) and Watson and Rayner (1920) contributed to the theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning argues behaviour is learned through the continued pairing of a stimulus that creates a response. This can be a fear response as identified by Watson and Rayner (1920) where a healthy eleven-month-old boy was conditioned to feel fear when he saw a fluffy white toy. This fear extended to any fluffy white object. Operant conditioning theory was developed through the findings of Skinner (1938)Read MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1222 Words   |  5 Pagesexperienced. Although Harlow has found this theory, Ivan Pavlov experimented with dogs and discovered classical conditioning. Classical conditioning can show how attitudes are formed and changed, how and when attitudes influence behavior, and how we change attitudes and behavior. Classical conditioning is basically learning through association, which induces involuntary or automatic responses to certain stimuli. A famous example is Pavlov’s dogs, before conditioning the dogs would salivate (UCR) when meatRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning994 Words   |  4 Pagestransfer persist, although with a certain loss in the intensity of the reaction, for a longer period than one month.† The data reported in this paper definitely supports this conclusion. The purpose of this experiment was to test the theory of classical conditioning as well as transfer (stimulus generalization); and to see if they would be able to successfully condition an emotional response of fear. When this experiment began, Little Albert was 11 months and 3 days old. Watson and Rayner exposedRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning Theory Essay712 Words   |  3 Pagesattachment theory is a psychological, an ethological and an evolutionary theory that is concerned with relationships between humans, specifically between mother and infant. An infant has to develop a relationship with at least one of their primary caregivers for them to develop socially and emotionally. This essay will look at evaluating the theories of Ivan Pavlov, John B Watson, Edward Thorndike, BF Skinner, John Bowlby (1958), and Mary Anisworth (1979) Two important learning theories of behavioristRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1824 Words   |  8 PagesClassical conditioning The first theory of learning is called classical conditioning and was developed by Ivan Pavlov a Russian physiologist. He started working with dogs to investigate their digestive system, they were ties to a harness and Pavlov added monitors to their stomachs and mouths to measure the rate of saliva produced. He found out that when a lab assistant came in to give the dog food before the dog tasting the food it started to produce saliva, saliva is a reflex response and Pavlov

Is there more to the concept of belonging than the...

Is there more to the concept of belonging than the superficial meaning of the ownership of one’s possessions? Is there a constant need for human beings to feel as though they are a part of something? Do the pressures of belonging lead to conformity? What are the negative and positive effects of conformity? Is there such thing as a nonconformist? All of theses questions stem from the perplexing topic of belonging. Many famous philosophers have spent ages analyzing and discussing this concept. I was first exposed to this topic in my reading of famous philosopher Gabriel Marcel’s work titled, â€Å"Belonging and Disposability,† as assigned for my theology course. After being exposed to the topic in class I set out to discover the true meaning of†¦show more content†¦I was able to find the answer to this question further into Paul Born’s reflection. He believes that when one is a part of a trusting community over a long period of time, such as a yout h group, service club or a group of friends, an environment of belonging that evokes caring will eventually form. When groups work toward a common objective, mutuality and belonging can thus be achieved. I agreed with these ideas on experiencing belonging, as I have experienced a sense of belonging from many of the sports teams that I have been apart of growing up. After gaining this knowledge I began to wonder what would happen if one does not have a group of friends or is not a part of a group with a common goal? Will that individual strive to conform to a certain group to find a sense of belonging? Another source that I used to help further understand my topic were notes posted on Utah State University’s website regarding social influence and conformity. This source is most likely credible as professor Tamara J Ferguson posted it. I learned that while conforming one changes their attitude or beliefs in order to fulfill what one perceives as socially acceptable behavior. This source stated that there are two basic sources of influence for conformity. One being normative social influence, which is the need to be liked or accepted by others, and the other, is informational social influence, which is the need to behave in accordance with reality. Although, IShow MoreRelatedBelonging1049 Words   |  5 PagesBelonging can be a possible path to an individual’s self-actualisation. A sense of identity can be identified by belonging or not belonging to a particular group or place. A person can portray different values of belonging through different situations and settin gs, like in Shakespeare’s period and the period in ‘Fight Club’. Maslow’s Hierarchy of belonging suggests that belonging is one of the basic needs of human existence. All humans aspire to belong but only a few are able to transcend this basicRead MoreBelonging882 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals through a vast range of different processes and levels. A sense belonging is vital for our existence as it creates a sense of fulfilment and protection in our lives. We spend our lifetime searching to belong and be accepted and in the absence of this our lives can becoming meaningless and lose value. So what does Belonging mean, although a sense of Belonging may vary from person to person a universal meaning of belonging may be a way of acceptance,having security, fulfilment and a connectionRead MoreIdentity and Belonging758 Words   |  4 Pagesbelong is a confusing and unfortunate case, where one can find themselves lost and frustrated, as they do not have a safe zone. Through the use of text and film, it can be explored that this concept if difference hinders one from feeling a sense of belonging. Whether it be a persons inability to adapt or their lack of confidence. As we progress through life we discover that our differences make it harder for us to belong. As shown in ‘growing up in australia’, tormenting young adolescents is somethingRead MoreBelonging Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesBelonging Essay Concept, perceptions and ideas to belong or not to belong differ from person to person. This is due to experiences that shape ones personality that come through personal, cultural, social and historical context. The idea of belonging allows one to have some sort of connection and communal with people, places, groups, communities and the wider world. In contrast not belonging causes one to suffer from alienation, exclusion and marginalisation. As a result these factors can cause anRead MoreBelonging Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Skrzynecki Belonging Essay Significant moments in time shape an understanding of belonging. Explore how this is evident in you prescribed text and at least ONE other related text of your own choosing. Belonging is defined as fitting in to a particular environment or having the right personal or social qualities to be a member of a particular group. Our belonging to or connections with people, places and groups allows one to develop a distinct identity characterised by affiliation, acceptanceRead MoreBelonging Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesBelonging consists of a struggle with opposing pressures. A desire to belong also consists of emotional conflicts and struggles between being acknowledged while also remaining as an individual and retaining personal ideals which may ultimately result in a connection. This is explored in Emily Dickinson’s selected poetry I died for beauty, but was scarce and I had been hungry all the years , as well as Scott Westerfeld’s novel Uglies. These texts all depict a struggle between being recognised andRead MoreBelonging Essay.1303 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience of belonging.† Discuss this view with detailed reference ( 2010 HSC Question) Considered a fundamental aspect of being human, belonging is an ambiguous concept which can offer individuals a sense of identity, security and connectedness. Experiences of belonging are closely related to a person’s interaction with others, as positive experiences can enrich their sense of belonging, and negative experiences can limit their sense of belonging. An individual’s limited experience of belonging throughRead MoreBelonging Place2198 Words   |  9 PagesFinding a sense of belonging to a place can influence an individual’s sense of acceptance within the community and culture or opposingly can enhance their sense of isolation and alienation from society.This is reflected through Raimond Gaita’s memoir Romulus My Father and Manfred Jurgensen’s poem Bonegilla 1916 through extensive literary devices.We learn individuals perceptions of place and their ability to adjust to new places governs their ability to belong and feel at home with new cu ltures. Read MoreBelonging Essay2272 Words   |  10 Pages  ENGLISH   CONTENTS    PAGE:   BELONGING    BELONGING   ESSAY   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   PAGES   2- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 3    BELONGING   SHORT   STORY   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   PAGES   4- ­Ã¢â‚¬ 5       1        BELONGING   ESSAY    Perceptions   of,   and   attitudes   towards   belonging   are   varied   and   complex,   with    individuals   shaped   by   their   social,   historical   and   cultural   contexts.   Despite   being    inherent,   a   sense   of   belonging   may   be   experienced   throughRead Morebelonging speech1151 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Belonging speech Good morning/Afternoon teachers and students today I will be showing you how a sense of belonging or not belonging greatly influences an individual’s identity. A change in identity occurs when belonging is found through meaningful, intimate relationships, with senses of place, community, safety and familiarity. The free verse novel, The Simple Gift, composed by Steven Herrick, the dramatic fairy tale film, Edward Scissor hands, directed and created by Tim Burton and the novel

HR Benefits and Challenges of The Gig Economy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the HR Benefits and Challenges of The Gig Economy. Answer: Introduction The gig economy is that workforce that is based on single or on demand tasks often done through the digital market place or what is called alternative arrangement (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005). There is an emergence of new business models given rise by digital platforms which include classic examples like eBay and Amazon and new ones that include Uber and Airbnb among others (Burtch, Carnahan Greenwood, 2016). Businesses of this kind, also known as the gig-economy are expected to make up a big part of the economy and with implications like disrupting the long standing business (Morse 2015) and the replacement of the existing businesses (Zervas, Proserpio and Byers 2015). The gig economy has provided an opportunity for flexible employment with the workers setting their own working schedules while they still earn a relatively stable pay (Hall Krueger, 2015). The gig economy may also eliminate some jobs while also benefiting individuals who have a weak attachment to the labor mar ket (Zervas, et al., 2015). Notable also is that the gig economy employees are at the mercy of the startups often overworking themselves and lacking in the benefits and the legal protection of the permanent employees (Brown, 2017). There is an opportunity for policy makers to consider the legality and regulate this gig economy (Zervas, et al., 2015). This paper will discuss how the gig economy operates and the HR implication of this emerging economy and the benefits and challenges for organisations. How the Gig Economy Operates The rise of part time employment or independent contractors began to rise in the 1980s in America linked to various factors like worker preferences, the state of economy, labor law changes, a decline in labor unions and high levels of unemployment among other factors. The patterns of employment have dramatically changed from traditional employment giving rise to the gig economy where workers work under alternative work arrangements (Friedman, 2014). The gig workers have been classified as being self employed, independent contractors, freelancers or independent consultants (Katz Krueger, 2016). The gig economy takes the form of crowd work or on demand work which is found through apps. Crowd work involves completing work activities through online platforms (Kessler, 2015). This matches the available job opportunities and skills. These platforms allow many organisations and individuals to connect through the internet and so employers and employees connect globally. Work on demand apps allow the demand of the work and its supply is channeled through mobile apps where the firms that manage the apps may also intervene to set minimum expected standards of service and even selection of the employees. This may involve some of the traditional jobs like transport, cleaning or even some clerical work (Rogers, 2015). Most of the gig labor is found in labor intensive traditional work like construction and agriculture while some are in highly educated IT field. On average, most gig workers are seen to be paid less than their equally educated young people in traditional employments. Companies make use of gig workers to lower labor costs especially as it relates to benefits (Friedman, 2014). Either way, they provide a good opportunity for job opportunities and flexibility both for the organisation and for the workers. It is difficult to state the number of people working in the gig economy since most companies do not disclose the number. Another reason is that the gig workers may work for a number of organisations during the same period, whether weekly or monthly or even daily (Stefano, 2016). The numbers are however estimated to be on the rise and this economy cannot be ignored as it has effects on the general economy of the world. Benefits of Gig Economy Gig employments give the employers flexibility in wages and labor costs are responsive to unemployment. Because gig workers do not have long term contracts, it minimizes separation costs and makes it easy for organisations to quickly adjust employment according to demand. It also makes it easy for organisations to raise productivity by moving production to the most efficient sites (Friedman, 2014). In the gig economy, workers are hired just when needed and compensated on providing the service. They only receive payment when they work for a customer thus reducing costs on payment for labor when it is not needed. It gives rise to human as a service concept although this has been seen as a commodification of workers (Irani Silberman, 2013). Because these workers operate from anywhere thus operating from the other side of the screen, it means the organisation does not have to incur the cost of renting out space and other facilities required by employees who work within an organisation premises. It also allows organisations to operate with a very lean staff. For example, Uber who despite operating globally, has a staff number of around 15,000 employees which is low compared to other global companies the balance of workforce being gigsters (Stefano, 2016). Organisations can also receive instant feedback of the workers performance which is enabled by technology thus enabling flexibility and control (Sachs, 2015). This also reduces the need for an organisation to invest in internal performance review mechanisms. It also allows the company to outsource most of the customer care work to individual gig workers. It allows organisations to classify the gig workers as independent contractors (Risak Warter, 2015). By doing this, the company is able to shed off some of the liabilities like insurance obligations and other duties regarding employment law and labor protection rights. These include minimum wage laws, anti-discrimination regulation, social security and others (Rogers, 2015). The organisation therefore benefits when it does not carry the burden of these regulations and contributions. Challenges of the Gig Economy The growth of the gig economy has led to challenges that require HR to be agile and respond with new programs and policies, the culture and processes that fit in with the emerging needs of part time contracts or on call workers, gigsters, independent contractors and freelancers. There are talent platforms like Mechanical Turk and Tongal among others that allow people more flexibility in how they work , on whether to work from home or office or being their own bosses. The HR offices have to decide whether to make use of such platforms to manage their talent portfolio or their responsibility will be handled by the organisations hiring departments or procurement departments. The gig jobs may reduce productivity growth. It may lead to less attachment of employees towards their employer leading to slow development by workers and less innovation. Employers may use fear of job loss to raise productivity but fear leads to less creativity and innovation. Flexibility may not be good for those organisations that require adaptation and innovation (Gramm Schnell, 2001). If organisations hire short term in the long term they will lose on the benefit of work force training and acculturation. Long term contracts are beneficial to a company as it protects their employees they have invested in training and developing and encourages workers to connect with the employer and become more productive (Friedman, 2014). This is lost in the gig economy as workers have no attachment to the company. The employer loses the benefits of workplace goods. When employees are scattered all over, probably working from home or any other place, the benefit when workers share experiences and learn from each other is lost. The experience of working near each other has benefits to the company which may result from the team work that is cultivated which may enhance performance and innovation. The gig employment threatens the income security and as social insurance is provided through traditional jobs. Workers insurance including disability insurance, health insurance and unemployment insurance among other are all provided as added benefits in employment. Gig workers are mostly not protected by legislation. Many of them are also responsible for their own work places and are thus not protected by OSHA or any other safety and health regulation. They may not receive any form of social insurance like sick pay or holiday pay (Friedman, 2014). Another challenge regards on whether companies should regard employees as assets or as costs that need containment. If companies regard employees as assets, how do they develop and promote them? The company strategies will have far reaching effects regarding employee retention. The companies have to decide how they will bear the costs of retaining and upgrading employees (Kenney Zysman, 2016). Market rules that relate to competition, labor market and even the intellectual property rights are becoming very difficult to be defined and legislate. The economic disruptions create winners and losers. There are political fights over the market rules which define the workplace and the society in the platform or gig economy. These are aimed at protecting the communities, the customers and the employees as markets continue to be disrupted (Kenney Zysman, 2016). Most of the HR departments were created for the permanent employees and not the gig workers. They therefore need to be transformed and be prepared for the emerging challenges of the gig economy. The transformation needs to be led by the Chief HROs in the face of these unprecedented challenges brought about by the gig economy. These changes may not be easy but they are necessary if an organisation is to compete successfully and be ready in the human resources as this affects the entire organisation (Horney, 2016). HR Implications HR needs to respond to the current issues in order to manage the transformation of their organisations and continue to be competitive. The human resources are a very important component of any business that needs proper management in the face of current challenges. Some of the areas that need to be reformed include labor laws, leadership and management of gigsters and managing a global workforce. HR agility while responding to these and other issue will determine future organisation success (Horney, 2016). Most of the labor laws were written to govern employers and employees in the age of permanent employment. The gig economy and platforms have challenged the definition of employer and employee. These laws were meant to govern workers treatment by employers. They were to govern the duties of workers and the employers and assumed a relationship where the employer had more powers and control over the workers. The growth of the gig economy now demands new ways to govern and regulate the new labor models (Horney, 2016). Leaders need to be empowered with skills on how to manage a broader talent portfolio. HR should be able to identify the talent and skills that are required in an organisation and determine how to source for those skills, whether from full time employees or from the contingent workers model. It presents more challenges when leading a team comprising of full time workers, contractors and consultants than leading a team consisting of people who work for the same organisation. Leadership development programmes and executive coaching sessions are needed in order to empower managers with effective skills to handle the challenges of leadership in a gig economy. HR must be in the fore front to empower leaders in the organisation with these skills (Horney, 2016). The global workforce has been made easier by greater mobility and cloud computing. This has resulted in a workforce that is more external, flexible and project based (Younger and Smallwood, 2016). This has changed in the way employers relate with employees and changes in the organisation cultures. Effective HR departments need to adapt to the changing work environments that are increasingly global and have strategies to effectively handle the global workforce (Horney, 2016). The gig economy also demands a shift from management of talents which was traditionally made up of full time employees to management of talent portfolios which consist of both external and internal talents. HR processes, policies and philosophies should be able to support entire talent portfolio of external and internal talent and their relationships. If an organisation does not treat the contingent workers as equal to the internal workers, it is likely to have problems. HR needs to empower managers with skills to enable them manage the entire talent portfolio well (Horney, 2016). HR also needs to work with both the hiring manager and procurement managers in order to work collaboratively while acquiring talent in the gig economy. The procurement department that negotiates contracts for contingent workers may be biased towards controlling cost and limit on the value of the talent portfolio that these workers contribute to the organisation. The hiring managers need to manage the gig workers as part of the organisation talent. This will ensure all talent is included in the organisation policies and processes and culture (Horney, 2016). Recommendations for Uber to Make Best Use of Gig Economy The gig economy presents some benefits and challenges as have been discussed especially to the workers. Companies can embrace some strategies and practices that make it better for the workers for them to remain motivated and remain committed to the organisation. Being among the top three employers in the world with majority of the workers in the gig model (Helft, 2016), Uber can use some strategies to help employees cope with some of the challenges they have been experiencing. First is a co-ownership model where employees are allowed to buy in to the shares of the company and thus share in the profits at the end of the year. This will not only keep the workers engaged but will make they them work harder as they know they own part of the company and will benefit at the end of the year. They will thus work hard in order to share in the end of year bonuses. They can partner with financiers who can give loans to the workers so that they can own more and better vehicles. This will reduce the exploitation of drivers by partners and thus empower drivers earn more from their work. They can also help they form some cooperatives where they can save money amongst themselves and empower themselves in buying or upgrading their vehicles. The company can also partner with others who offer insurance to offer basic and cheap insurance for the workers so that in the event of illness they will be able to afford medical care. This can also include retirement covers and other social covers that will greatly benefit from. Due to the huge numbers of workers, they would benefit from benefit of economies of scale if this was to be offered to most of the workers thus making it affordable. Conclusion The gig economy has changed the employment landscape bringing with it opportunities and challenges. It provides an opportunity to connect workers and employers through the internet. While it gives rise to flexibility and lowers costs for organisations, it requires that organisations also be ready to deal with new labor regulations and redefine their processes and procedures to accommodate these gigsters who may be working from anywhere in the globe. The organisations must also equip their leaders with management skills that enable them lead these workers and treat them as equal and important like the internal employees. The debate on whether the gig economy has created or destroyed jobs will continue and may not have a clear answer. The challenge is on policy makers to create legislation as this new economy continues to grow. The gig economy is definitely a disruptor that demands that HR becomes agile to respond to the opportunities and challenges that come with it and become change ready. References Brown, D. (2017). The Gig Economy. SAGE Publishing. Retrieved October 11, 2017 from: https://businessresearcher.sagepub.com/sbr-1863-103233-2807569/20170626/the-gig-economy. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2005), Contingent and Alternative Employment Arrangements, February 2005. News USDL 05-1433. Washington, DC: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/conemp.pdf Burtch, G., Carnahan, S and Greenwood, B. (2016). Can You Gig it? An Empirical Examination of the Gig Economy and Entrepreneurial Activity. Ross School of Business Working Paper Working Paper No. 1308. Friedman, G. (2014). Workers without employers: shadow corporations and the rise of the gig economy. Review of Keynesian Economics, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 171188. Gramm, C. and Schnell, J. (2001). The Use of Flexible Staffing Arrangements in Core Production Jobs. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54 (2), 245258. Hall, J. and Krueger, A. (2015). An Analysis of the Labor Market for Ubers Driver-Partners in the United States. Princeton University Working Papers, Industrial Relations Section. Helft, M. (2016). How Travis Kalanick Is Building The Ultimate Transportation Machine. Forbes. Retrieved October 11, 2017 from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/miguelhelft/2016/12/14/how-travis-kalanick-is-building-the-ultimate-transportation-machine/#4f4e24b156ab Horney, N. (2016). The Gig Economy: A Disruptor Requiring HR Agility. The Professional Journal of Hr People + Strategy, Volume 39 | Issue 3. Irani, L. and Silberman, M. (2013). Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk. ACM 978-1-4503-1899-0/13/04. Katz, L. Krueger, A. (2016). The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995-2015. Working Paper #603 Princeton University Industrial Relations Section. Kenney, M. and Zysman, J. (2016).The Rise of the Platform Economy. Issues in Science and Technology; Washington 32.3 :61-69. Kessler, S. (2015).The Gig-Economy Wont Last Because its Being Sued to Death. Fast Company. Retrieved October 11, 2017 from: https://www.fastcompany.com/3042248/the-gig-economy-wont-last-because-its-being-sued-to-death Morse, A. (2015). Peer-to-Peer Crowd funding: Information and the Potential for Disruption in Consumer Lending. National Bureau of Economic Research. Rogers, B. (2015). Employment as a Legal Concept. Temple University Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2015-33. Retrieved October 11, 2017 from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2641305 Sachs, B. (2015). Uber and Lyft: Customer Reviews and the Right-to-Control. On Labor. Retrieved October 11, 2017 from: https://onlabor.org/2015/05/20/uber-and-lyft-customer-reviews-andthe-right-to-control/ Stefano, V. (2016). The Rise of the Just-In-Time Workforce: On-Demand Work, Crowdwork and Labour Protection in the Gig-Economy. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 71. Zervas, G., Proserpio, D. and Byers, J. (2015). The Rise of the Sharing Economy: Estimating the Impact of Airbnb on the Hotel Industry. Boston U. School of Management Research Paper (2013-16).

Understand Communication Skills with Interviews A Sample Essay

Question: Write an essay on Communication Skills? Answer: The term communication is one of the widest topics that could be discussed. Communication can be personal, private and public; it could happen between two people and among a group of persons. In order to make a communication to be effective the people involved in the communication procedure must be committed and responsive. They must possess skill which will be utilized to frame a message that could be utilized to make the communication effective and derive proper response. The interview of Lucy from the movie Unloved by Samantha Morton can be taken as a study for the communication skill needed while communicating with children (Barker, 2010). The interview is quite relevant to the concept of communication skills needed for speaking with children as it shows exactly what must not be done (Rcpsych.ac.uk, 2015). The film from which the interview is taken rotates around Lucy and provides insight into the social care system through the eyes of a child. It is shown in the movie that how alienated she felt in the Care home as there was lack of proper communication between the social workers and her. It is seen that they failed to connect with the children and provide proper guidance and council in a manner that would not only reconcile them but also make them feel light and comfortable (Birkinshaw, 2006). As seen in the clip that Lucy is a very quiet eleven year old girl, who is tormented due to her horrid past of irresponsible parents and is thus gloomy and alone. As seen from studies and most cases that children are most harrowed and affected because of negligence, torture and abuse (Daud, Skoglund and Rydelius, 2005). It is needed that these children should be taken under the care of a system that would not only provide shed and protection but an environment where the child will be able to express and live freely. Thus the ability to express ones feeling and responding will be only achieved when the communicator possesses skills to create an intangible warm, free environment among them. The first shot of the clip shows Lucy sitting in a car with Vicky a female care worker. They are shown discussing a range of topics. Lucy asks Vicky if she believes in God. Vicky says that she was taught about multiple religions and although sometimes it is hard to believe yet she believes in Gods like Lord Krishna from the Hindu mythology. Lucy asks her about Christianity and Jesus and Vicky replies with a smile that Jesus is great. They enter a shopping mall to buy clothes for Lucy as she is shown wearing only her school uniform. Lucy continues to ask Vicky personal questions and Vicky replies amicably. Lucy is shown in a light and happy mood as Vicky helps her buy new shoes and clothes. Lucy even goes on to describe her choices as she feels comfortable and happy around Vicky. After they return to the care home, Lucys social worker Jackie meet her. This was a very polite, restricted and alienating experience for her (Roberts and Greene, 2002). The conversation revolved around paperwork. Both of them were sitting at a distance and Lucy is seen fidgeting with her shopping bags as she is completely uncomfortable. While the woman goes through the paperwork Lucy stares at her and the surroundings taking in everything. The Social worker checks Lucys school papers and doesnt say much other than good. She asks Lucy few formal questions and why she left the home earlier. To this Lucy only shrugs and does not reply properly. The woman looks busy and does not share much eye contact with Lucy. Whenever she asks Lucy something, Lucy speaks with her eyes down. The social worker tells her that she took a while in visiting her as the Patrimony was not provided and now that it is provided she will continue to visit Lucy. She also asked Lucy to call her up if she needed her . There was no warmth in the communication and all seemed really formal and as a result Lucy did not seem interested. Lucy asked her whether she could go back and stay with her Mom or Dad. For this the woman said that they must be consulted for this. Later in her room Lucy is seen happy as fiddles with her new clothes. It was thus evident from the clip that the two conversations between Lucy and Vicky and Lucy and her Social Worker Jackie were entirely different in manner and yielded different results (Reece, 2008). Lucy established a bonding with Care worker Vicky by sharing views with her and speaking on topics that were not related to the torture or pain she experienced. While with Jackie the conversation did not yield anything. Jackie failed to get any insight of Lucys mental condition. Jackies behavior and body language was strictly formal and she took a businesslike approach in the situation. Her questions were directly asking about Lucys track records and how she ended up here. Jackie did not try to establish any kind of connection which could have been better for the interview. An interview of such manner is totally futile and pointless and disappointing for both the communicators as well. This interview is hence discussed to understand the factors that must be kept in mind when communicating with Children. One of the main criteria of social care workers are to establish connection and communication with their clients and thus they need the best kind of communication skills which will not only provide comfort and scope for the client to speak but also provide the social worker ample opportunities to learn the situation, listen to the issues and offer proper and worthy solutions to the clients troubles. The following discussion will point out the skills that are required for establishing such a healthy relationship with the clients and how this could utilized in deriving solutions to the issue. The interview of Lucy with her Social and Care workers is taken as reference to point out the pros and cons of the whole action related to communicating with children in terms of social work and social care program. The concept of social work is covered with responsibility (Deliege, 2002). When it comes to counseling and providing support to children, the responsibility becomes double. The social workers need to understand, reciprocate and empathize with the situation the child is in. It is also the concern of the social worker to communicate with the parents and guardians of the children to understand the surrounding in which the child is brought up. This will provide as an added advantage in providing the solution to the problems. Also in this way the Social worker can provide solution to parental anxiety (Dogra, 2002). All this processes needs some particular skills which should be present in the Social worker. Every day a social worker needs to gain some insight from the clients and then convey information to them. The first skill that a Social worker must possess is the quality of listening carefully (Aviram, 2002). They must be able to listen properly and pay complete attention to what the child is saying. This also means to maintain eye contact so that little gestures and reactions could be perceived as something meaningful. The Social worker must not interrupt or roll eyes, multitask, doodle or yawn when the child is speaking it implies disinterest in speaking. This was exactly one of the things which were wrong with the interview between Lucy and Social worker Jackie. Jackie spoke to Lucy while going through the paperworks and not keeping eye contact with her. Vicky was able to connect and make Lucy talk to her as she totally responded to Lucys queries while maintaining eye contact and smilin g occasionally. Vicky kept looking at Lucy paying her complete attention. The second skills that must be honed by the social workers are to gain exclusive, important and relevant information. A social worker therefore must be able to ask the right question in the right way. Jackie continues to ask Lucy why Lucy was absconded and whether her Mother has contacted her. To this queries Lucy gives very short replies. It is clear that she is not comfortable enough to answer truthfully of what happened or what she feels and thinks. Also Jackie seemed not interested in getting further information as she did not use any amicable persuasion methods to gather further insight to Lucys mind and condition. It is one of the tactics used by Social workers to get involved in role playing and word association to derive information. From Jackies attitude it was total business for her whereas Vicky very carefully through her words gathered little insights into the likes and dislikes that Lucy harbors. The third criteria are applying of nonverbal behavioral skills. The primary task of maintaining eye contact is already discussed. The other gestures and body language that should be applied are, handshakes, smiles, and a tap on the shoulder or a caressing gesture. This spreads warmth and the child feels secure and comfortable while speaking and takes the process seriously. Other actions could be sitting closer as physical distance often alienates the people from each other and the communication is not productive. Jackie and Lucy were sitting at a distance and Lucys physical posture and body language showed that she felt uncomfortable. Lucy and Vicky were sitting in close affinity in the car and Vicky maintained physical contact to make Lucy feel at home. Building trust is one of the primary tasks that have to be implemented to ensure effective communication. Any kind of communication will be successful when the partners in the conversation have equal trust and faith on each other. The social worker must establish the idea in the mind of the client that he or she has the best interest for the client. Even if the social worker does not agree with the client it is essential that the clients view is given first priority and importance. This way the client will feel secure and confident of the whole communication and will discuss the issues tormenting them. In context to the interview scene, Jackie did not indulge in any kind of activity that will help Lucy build trust on her. Jackie tells her that she did not come earlier as she was not provided the patrimony. Now that it is provided she will continue to visit her and if any problem arises, Lucy should call her right away. This word does not provide any assurance to Lucy as she fails to gain any positive vibe from Jackie. Lucy does not reply and Jackie continues with her paperwork without paying much attention to her. The whole conversation hence was very formal and short and did not help in connecting the communicators (Statham, 2004). The trust that is needed was actually formed between Lucy and Care worker Vicky. Lucy had faith on her and thus agreed to go shopping with her (Waller, 2006). She was very happy with the clothes and responded to Vickys queries. They had complete and effective conversation and got much idea about each other. There was nothing restrictive and Vicky got much insight into Lucys mind and thought process. Building of trust also means that the client will readily accept the solution and would be convinced of its success. Jackie failed to convince Lucy and thus did not improve her situation. When she returned to her room, Lucy was more delighted with her new clothes which she and Vicky bought together (Juhsov, 2015). The final aspect of the communication skill is avoiding of conflict. The Social worker should try to diffuse the conflict and completely avoid threatening or judging the client and refrain from raising their voices. Their tones should not be accusing or judgmental and try to be a mediator for issues. Jackie was quite judgmental of Lucy being absconded yet she did not push Lucy into saying why she fled. Vicky was there to support and comfort Lucy when she returned thus providing her scope to explain herself (NICHOLLS, 2000). The role of a social worker is similar to a counselor but as a social worker one needs to do more. As a social worker one should do more for a client (Howe, n.d.). A social worker has to take the initiative himself. A social worker has to call up helping agents to solve issues and cannot just seat by providing a phone number. As a social worker for children the idea is to safeguard the children and make the authorities or parents realize the need for care. They have to build a rapport and must not show shocking or loud expressions to reconcile the students. A social worker should be able to maintain confidentiality and try to understand and empathize with the situation the child is in. From the interview scene it is gathered that, although Jackie is quite professional in her demeanor, she does not use her communicative skills to fullest to derive further information which is required in order to understand Lucys condition (Schraer, 2014). The social worker did not ask Lucy how she is in the Care home in the first place and what her wishes are (Krebs and Pitcoff, 2006). Instead she mentions the procedure that Lucy must follow to meet or live with her parents. The social worker did not ask Lucy anything which will make her feel comfortable. All the queries were strictly professional and nothing to do with Lucy sharing her worries. As a result she seemed disinterested in the whole process of the interview. She behaved like she was chided and was nervous and she continued fidgeting with her fingers (Drasgow, 2009). Many experts of the Social work theory carry the value that there is need of self disclosure when trying to communicate effectively (Great Valley Publishing Company, 2015). It is very important when communicating with minors that the social worker should also divulge some personal information to them. This is exactly what Vicky did when she took Lucy for shopping. Vicky told Lucy about her religious beliefs and about having a boyfriend. Children like getting to know others before trusting them and hence Vicky easily established a connection and trust with Lucy. Thus although an ethical boundary must be maintained, it is necessary that the social worker converse with the minors in a normal manner and not use their businesslike attitude. The role of Social worker is not providing mental therapy, but they must bend to a certain level when communicating with the minors (Brain and Mukherji, 2005). Therapies are meant to improve the situations and mental health by taking the people in a different environment but the role of social worker is to contact the relevant people and the relevant agencies in order to provide a solution which would help the people to come out of the situation. The social workers job is thus formal, but when one considers the minors, they have a different mind then the adults. They are volatile and must be handled with care. Issues sometimes leave children with deep scar and they are reluctant in sharing crucial information. The social workers need this information as it is vital for their work. This is the reason for which the social workers should indulge in minimal exchange of personal information so that the children feel important and comfortable sharing their own personal details on the issue s (Green and Nieman, 2014). Thus as seen from the clip the concept of social work and social care is very serious and requires patience and proper temperament to provide solution to make a life better (Butler and Roberts, 2004). Two aspects of the Social care are shown in the clip, one is a conversation between the child and the Care worker in an informal environment and another is between the child and her social worker in a very formal environment. Both the conversations included only two persons and were face to face, yet it yielded two completely different results. The interview in question did not yield any positive answer from the child and she was distracted and not interested in the process at all. She was much happier when driving with the care worker and shopping and even shared her choice of clothes and hair color which help in establishing a connection and interest in the communication. For an apprentice the interview could be very educative in learning what they should or should not do when conversing with the child in question. A Childs mind is wide and full of ideas it must be nurtured and understood with care while dealing with a serious situation. A social worker must not be all professional like when dealing with children and the mode of communication has to be different and less formal. Environment also plays a major role. An open space with air and light and colorful surroundings also relaxes the mind and the body and thus the Social worker in the video should have chosen a different environment for the interview (Close, 2011). The social worker tries to cover all the points and ask relevant questions to Lucy. She also goes through the paperwork with much care, but she missed out on some major points that should be taken care of. Her communication skills were not appropriate in conversing with a tormented eleven year old girl (Greene and Burleson, 2003). Although Jackie tried to empathize with Lucy, yet her lack in warmth, eye contact and trust building activity failed in interesting the girl and thus the whole point of the interview almost came to a naught. The tactics applied by Vicky was much more fruitful in making Lucy talk. The positive outcome of the interview was that Lucy was assured that the decision of her staying with her Mother would involve both Vicky and Jackie. This made her hopeful. Hence it is seen that communication skill is one of the most crucial factors when considering social work and care concerning families and especially children. The video was an insight into the dos and donts of the communication process for a social worker and thus must be applied by the future workers in the social work scenario (Howe, 2008). As any communication is important this critique only highlights how even a small conversation between a child and a social worker is important and requires skill. Thus the little intricacies must be always looked at. References Aviram, U. (2002). The Changing Role of the Social Worker in the Mental Health System.Social Work in Health Care, 35(1-2), pp.617-634. Barker, A. (2010).Improve your communication skills. London: KoganPage. Birkinshaw, I. (2006). The Handbook of Communication Skills - Third editionThe Handbook of Communication Skills - Third edition.Nursing Standard, 21(6), pp.30-30. Brain, C. and Mukherji, P. (2005).Understanding child psychology. Cheltenham, U.K.: Nelson Thornes. Butler, I. and Roberts, G. (2004).Social work with children and families. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Close, A. (2011). New system of regulation for adult social care in England.Nurs Residential Care, 13(1), pp.39-41. Daud, A., Skoglund, E. and Rydelius, P. (2005). Children in families of torture victims: transgenerational transmission of parents traumatic experiences to their children.International Journal of Social Welfare, 14(1), pp.23-32. Deliege, D. (2002). A Classification System of Social Problems:.Social Work in Health Care, 34(1/2), pp.195-238. Dogra, N. (2002).A multidisciplinary handbook of child and adolescent mental health for front-line professionals. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Drasgow, E. (2009). Teaching package increases conversational skills, play skills, emotional skills, and friendship skills of three young children with autism.Evidence-Based Communication Assessment and Intervention, 3(3), pp.165-167. Great Valley Publishing Company, I. (2015).Ethics of Self-Disclosure With Children and Adolescents. [online] Socialworktoday.com. Available at: https://www.socialworktoday.com/archive/exc_070814.shtml [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Green, S. and Nieman, A. (2014). SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT: GOOD PRACTICE GUIDELINES.Social Work, 39(2). Greene, J. and Burleson, B. (2003).Handbook of communication and social interaction skills. Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates. Howe, D. (2008).The emotionally intelligent social worker. Basingstoke [England]: Palgrave Macmillan. Howe, D. (n.d.).The compleat social worker. Juhsov, A. (2015). Comparison of Quality of Life of Families with Children with Disability and Families with Children without Disability.Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174, pp.3378-3384. Krebs, B. and Pitcoff, P. (2006).Beyond the foster care system. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. NICHOLLS, P. (2000). Guidelines for Social and Economic Rehabilitation.Leprosy Review, 71(4). Rcpsych.ac.uk, (2015).The Unloved. [online] Available at: https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/discoverpsychiatry/mindsonfilmblog/theunloved.aspx [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Reece, A. (2008). The Social Care System: Beyond Repair or Missing Vital Parts?.Journal of Integrated Care, 16(5), pp.37-43. Roberts, A. and Greene, G. (2002).Social workers' desk reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schraer, R. (2014).Wearing two hats: How do counselling and social work fit together? - Community Care. [online] Community Care. Available at: https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2014/07/01/wearing-two-hats-counselling-social-work-fit-together/ [Accessed 27 Jul. 2015]. Statham, D. (2004).Managing front line practice in social work. New York: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Waller, R. (2006).Fostering child adolescent mental health in the classroom. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

The Outsiders Essays (142 words) - Films, The Outsiders, Curtis

The Outsiders Ponyboy is a fourteen old member of a gang called the Greasers. His parents died in a car accident so he lives alone with his older brothers Darry and Soda. He is a good student and athlete, bust most people at school consider him a vagrant like his greaser friends, Sodapop Curtis-Soda is Pony's handsome, charming older brother. He dropped out of school to work at a gas station, and does not share his brother's interest in studying and sports. Darrel Curtis- The oldest of the Curtis boys, Darry is also acknowledged leader of the Greasers. Johnny Cade -Johnny is Pony's closest friend and the gangs's pet. They are especially protective of him since he is smaller then the rest, his father beats him, and he is afraid to walk the streets alone after being attacked by a group of Socs.

20 Short Essay Topics on Global Warming in World Climate Change

20 Short Essay Topics on Global Warming in World Climate Change In the last 50 years, human activities such as excavating the earth, use of fossil fuels and greenhouse emissions have drastically altered the earth’s climate in negative ways. During this period of time, the burning of fossil fuels has released large quantities of carbon dioxide and greenhouse emissions which in turn have trapped heat in the earth’s lower atmosphere thereby affecting our global climate. Statistics show that the ravages of global warming and its effects of climate change affects different regions in diverse ways but in total, the earth has witnessed an increase of 0.85 degree centigrade in its general temperature in the last 100 years. These statistics also point out that the increase is set to pass acceptable thresholds by 2030. And if this occurs, it will lead to dire consequences on the earth’s climate and human health in the long run. Therefore, the responsibility of educating the world’s population on the dangers of global warming falls on your shoulders. In order to do so, here are 20 short essay topics on global warming students should consider working on to divert our collective attention to this ticking time bomb. The 20 short essay topics on global warming: Discussing the Impact of Climate Change on Human Health Understanding Global Warming, its Relation to Climate Change and Health Effects Global Warming Driving Extreme Heating in Urban Areas Natural Disasters, Varying Rainfall Patterns and Your Health Reducing Wildfires through the Study and Management of Global Warming Ocean Acidification and its Effects on the World’s Habitat Measuring the Health Effects of Global Warming on the Earth’s Population Global Warming, Natural Disasters and the Correlation with Mental Illness Global Warming and Excessive Climate Change; A Risk to Human Lives Investigating Warmer Temperatures and its Support for Allergy-Related Diseases Investigating Climate Change Effects on the Quality of Life in Urban and Rural Areas Effects of Global Warming on Health Care Reducing the Effects of Global Warming on Human Health How Global Warming Works and its Dangers to Human Health Climate Change Droughts and Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa Global Warming and its Negative Effects on Agriculture and Human Well-being Climate change, Irregular Weather Patterns and the Food Chain The Health Risks Associated with Greenhouse Emissions and Global Warming Global Warming and Its Effects on Air Quality in Urban Communities Climate Change and the Ever-Disappearing Rainforest The above short essay topics on global warming covers the various far reaching effects of climate change on the earth’s ecosystem. Therefore, if you are interested in studying nature or natural disasters, you can simply choose a topic that focuses on how global warming affects your area of study and the individuals residing in these regions. In the next section of this article, a topic will be chose and a short essay will be written around it to provide you with some direction on drafting essays on global warming. It is important to note that this article was inspired by the first article - 10 facts on global warming and human health in world climate change - in this three part series. Sample Short Essay: How Global Warming Works and Its Dangers to Human Health Over the last two decades, scientist have been involved in a race to prove that the phenomenon known as global warming exists and could drastically affect human life in the coming decades. The need to offer hard facts stemmed from the criticism the environmental community has received from politicians and naysayers who believe that an ulterior motive is integrated into the message of cleaning up the environment. Therefore, I intend to use this essay to discuss the meaning of global warming and how it will affect human life in the near future. In simple terms, global warming is the increase of the earth’s average surface temperature due to the effect of greenhouse gasses such as carbon dioxide, which in turn trap heat in the earth’s atmosphere. In an ideal situation or ecosystem, these heat created by the use of fossil fuels and deforestation would escape from the earth’s surface but the amount of greenhouse vapors the earth currently produces outweighs the earth’s natural filters. As earlier stated, global warming is caused by carbon dioxide and greenhouse emission produced in large quantities by human activities. These activities include the burning of fossil fuel in our vehicles, industries and homes, and the massive deforestation occurring in rural areas to provide building materials, paper and fuel for human consumption. This abuse of the earth’s resources has led to increased emission rates, trapped heat and an overall increase in the earth’s temperature by 0.85 degree centigrade in the 21st century. The increase in temperature also has its adverse effects on the world’s climate and has led to irregular weather conditions worldwide. Due to climate change, rivers and oceans now overflow their banks leading to flooding of farms which are the sources of food and revenue for rural communities. The result has been widespread malnutrition, mosquito population growth, and increase in malaria-related deaths and the spread of waterborne diseases which drastically reduces the quality of life in rural areas. Urban areas are also not left out, as irregular weather conditions have led to heat waves which have been responsible for approximately 30,000 deaths on a yearly basis. Wildfires are another by-product of a changing climate and they have led to displacements, disillusionment and anxiety among people who have been caught up in their part. Although global warming affects the people of earth in diverse ways, everyone still suffers its ravages. Studies show that if the trend in which fossil fuels are being consumed continues, the year 2030 will witness unprecedented climate irregularities which could lead to approximately 250,000 deaths. Therefore, the task of saving lives falls on our shoulders and the public can be sensitized and better educated once we all agree that global warming and the issues it raises are important. This is the end of the second article in this three-part series and for those interested on perfecting their essay writing skills, do not forget to read the last article covering the techniques of writing short essays on global warming and human health in world climate change. References: Morhadt, J. (2009). Ecological Consequences of Global Climate Change. Fernando, H Klaic, Z. (2012). National Security and Human Health Implications of Climate Change. Pool, R. (2008). The Nexus of Biofuels, Climate Change and Human Health. WHO Fact Sheet. (2016). Climate Change and Health. who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/ National Centre for Science Education Journal. (2010). How will Climate Change Affect the World and Society. https://ncse.com/library-resource/how-will-climate-change-affect-world-society Anthony, M. (2013). Globalization, Climate Change and Human Health. http://wphna.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/13-04-NEJM-McMichael-Global-Change.pdf Haines, A., Smith, R. (2009). Public Health Benefits of Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Overview and Implications for Policy Makers, 14:2-4.

Puritanism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Puritanism - Essay Example Their works are devoid of self righteousness and glorification but praise and glory are always given to God. Amidst the persevering life of a saint, the works also talks of God's providence and grace. In A Model of Christian Charity, Winthrop states three reasons why people are not equals, some are rich while other are poor: "to hold conformity with the rest of His works," that He might have the more occasion to manifest the work of His spirit," and "that every man might have need of each other" (Reuben). It should be noted that his reasoning largely mirror the basic teachings and doctrine of Puritanism. First, it shows the Puritans belief of predestination, that is, some are predestined to be rich while others are predestined to be poor. Second, that God is a superior and whose creation is perfect. Being poor is not seen as God's failure, but God's way of perfecting the world. Thus, poverty is not a problem of mankind but that it exists in order to manifest justice, respect, and mercy. In his response, Winthrop communicates the Puritan's deep reverence and faith in God. To what extent is Bradstreet's "To my Dear and Loving Husband" an expression of individual feeling, and where does it echo the Puritan ideology of marriage, i